Commodities
Currency clashes sour Russia’s oil trade with Asia
© Reuters. FILE PHOTO: Yang Mei Hu oil products tanker owned by COSCO Shipping gets moored at the crude oil terminal Kozmino on the shore of Nakhodka Bay near the port city of Nakhodka, Russia June 13, 2022. REUTERS/Tatiana Meel
By Elena Fabrichnaya, Nidhi Verma and Dmitry Zhdannikov
MOSCOW/DELHI (Reuters) – One of Russia’s most lucrative oil trade routes since the imposition of Western sanctions over the Ukraine conflict faces a major challenge because of the drawbacks of payment in currency other than dollars, with no short-term solution in sight.
For decades, the U.S. dollar has been the currency of international oil trade and efforts to find alternatives have been thwarted by the difficulties of conversion, as well as political obstacles.
The problems flared when India – which has become Russia’s biggest buyer of seaborne oil since European customers retreated – insisted in July on paying in rupees and the trading activity nearly fell apart, according to three sources familiar with the matter.
The sources, who requested anonymity, said the Russian oil suppliers – who also could not be named because of the issue’s sensitivity – could not do deals in Indian rupees because of informal guidance from the Russian central bank it would not accept the currency.
One Russian banking source close to the Russian central bank said receiving revenue in a non-convertible currency with little value outside India was “pointless”. Russia has limited opportunities to spend rupees as its imports from India are insignificant, another source said.
The Russia central bank did not respond to requests for comment.
Around mid-August, at least two major Russian oil companies threatened to divert around a dozen tankers carrying up to a million tonnes of oil that were heading to India to other destinations, according to two of the sources.
As a temporary solution to the clash involving Indian deals, the cargoes were paid for in a combination of the , the Hong-Kong dollar as a transition currency into the yuan and the UAE dirham, which is pegged to the U.S. dollar, 10 trading sources and officials told Reuters.
They said, however, the problem remained of finding a viable alternative to the dollar, and that the problems affect buyers in Africa, China and Turkey which have become top buyers of Russian oil.
The biggest issue, however, concerns India, which has been buying more than 60% of Russian seaborne oil, according to LSEG data and Reuters calculations. It is the biggest overall buyer of seaborne Russian crude after China.
The problems are likely to worsen as scrutiny on the trade increases. Washington imposed the first sanctions on owners of tankers carrying Russian oil priced above a Western price cap in recent weeks, the first enforcement of the cap since it was introduced late last year.
DITCHING THE DOLLAR
Since Western sanctions imposed on Russia in February last year, Moscow has shifted from transactions in dollars and euros, the world’s dominant currencies, and is largely locked out of the international banking system.
According to five traders involved, less than 10% of Russia’s output of roughly 9 million barrels of oil per day (bpd) is sold in dollars and euros.
The Russian central bank cannot operate in dollars because of sanctions, and while Russian exporters theoretically can use the currency, avoiding it has the advantage of making it harder for the United States and other Western governments to monitor their trade.
The alternatives, however, lead to high levels of risk for both parties to a deal.
India in the first months of this year owed about $40 billion to Russia for oil and other supplies, according to four trading and banking sources, who said the amount was now significantly lower without giving a precise details.
The Russian central bank also declined to give details.
RUPEE A PARTICULAR ISSUE
Doing business in rupees is particularly difficult for Russia.
India encourages rupees to be spent on its territory and has imposed punitive exchange rates on converting rupees into other currencies, amounting on occasions to over 10% of the amount converted, according to two Russian sources.
The situation could ease if Russia imported more goods from India, which could be paid for in rupees.
Instead, India has been importing more from Russia, while Russia has been a major importer of cars, equipment and other goods from China.
India’s imports from Russia reached $30.4 billion in April-September, with its trade deficit with Moscow widening to $28.4 billion compared with about $17 billion in the same period last year, according to the data posted on the Indian commerce ministry website.
Ivan Nosov, head of the Indian branch of Russia’s top state bank Sberbank, said Russian exporters will have to help India to increase its exports.
“If you help increase Indian exports, there will immediately be a lot of help from various Indian associations. You create a company in India, do a small localisation and you will get more opportunities,” he said.
India’s top refiner Indian Oil Corp is struggling to settle some payments, mainly for the purchase of Russia’s light, sweet Sokol grade from the Sakhalin 1 project.
The IOC has said it has been unable to pay for the Sokol deliveries because the company supplying the grade has yet to open an account in UAE dirhams to receive payment, a source said.
The IOC did not respond to Reuters’ requests for comment.
YUAN PREFERRED
Russian officials and oil executives have pressed Indian buyers to pay in Chinese yuan, which for Russia is a more useful currency.
For India, using the currency of a regional rival is highly sensitive, although Indian private refiners have switched back to the yuan due to the lack of other options since the clash earlier this year, the sources said.
Indian state refiners have turned to the UAE dirham, but that has been complicated by additional clearing requirements as Washington’s tougher line makes other governments wary.
From October, several UAE banks have tightened control over Russia-focused clients to ensure compliance with the price cap, according to five oil trading and bank sources.
At least two UAE banks have introduced price cap compliance declarations for the clients involved in Russian crude, oil products and commodity trading, the sources said. They declined to name the banks.
Commodities
Gold prices edge higher after dismal week as soft US inflation offers relief
Investing.com– Gold prices edged higher in Asian trade on Monday after suffering heavy losses last week as a slightly softer U.S. inflation print provided some respite, although caution remained following the Federal Reserve’s hawkish stance.
was 0.2% higher at $2,626.65 per ounce, while expiring in February inched 0.1% lower to $2,642.32 an ounce by 22:15 ET (03:15 GMT).
The yellow metal had lost 1% last week after the Fed officials projected fewer interest rate cuts in 2025 in the face of sticky inflation. This hawkish tilt had bolstered the U.S. dollar and created downward pressure on gold prices.
Gold prices remain under pressure after Fed meeting, markets mull over PCE data
Gold prices had hit a one-month low on Wednesday, as the markets lowered expectations for the number of Fed rate cuts in 2025.
Markets now expect the first cut of 2025 to come in June, and are pricing in roughly two reductions in the upcoming year, according to .
Higher interest rates put downward pressure on gold as the opportunity cost of holding gold increases, making it less attractive compared to interest-bearing assets like bonds.
U.S. data released on Friday showed that data—Fed’s favored inflation gauge —rose 0.1% in November, a slower pace from October’s 0.2% increase. This brought the annual PCE inflation rate to 2.4%, slightly below estimates of 2.5%.
However, the annual increase in , excluding volatile food and energy, remained at 2.8%, well above the central bank’s 2% target.
Other precious metals were higher on Monday. rose 0.8% to $940.15 an ounce, while gained 0.6% to $30.137 an ounce.
Dollar remains near 2-yr high
The Fed’s hawkish shift provided renewed strength to the U.S. dollar, as higher interest rates make the greenback more attractive due to increased returns on dollar-denominated assets.
The rose 0.1% in Asia hours on Monday and hovered near a two-year high it reached on Friday.
A stronger dollar often weighs on gold prices as it makes the metal more expensive for buyers using other currencies.
Copper rises on soft US inflation, markets await China stimulus
Among industrial metals, copper prices edged higher on Monday after falling more than 1% last week as softer inflation data in the U.S. boosted sentiment.
The red metal has also been under pressure from a strong dollar after the Fed’s meeting.
Markets are awaiting details on new stimulus measures in China, as recent reports suggested Beijing will ramp up fiscal stimulus in the coming year. The country is the world’s biggest copper importer.
Benchmark on the London Metal Exchange rose 0.3% to $8,978.50 a ton, while one-month climbed 0.6 at $4.1227 a pound.
Commodities
Oil prices stable on Monday as data offsets surplus concerns
By Robert Harvey
LONDON (Reuters) -Oil prices stabilised on Monday after losses last week as lower-than-expected U.S. inflation data offset investors’ concerns about a supply surplus next year.
futures were down by 17 cents, or 0.23%, to $72.77 a barrel by 1129 GMT. U.S. West Texas Intermediate crude futures were down 14 cents, or 0.2%, to $69.32 per barrel.
Oil prices rose in early trading after data on Friday that showed cooling U.S. inflation helped alleviate investors’ concerns after the Federal Reserve interest rate cut last week, IG markets analyst Tony Sycamore said.
“I think the U.S. Senate passing legislation to end the brief shutdown over the weekend has helped,” he added.
But gains were reversed by a stronger U.S. dollar, UBS analyst Giovanni Staunovo told Reuters.
“With the U.S. dollar changing from weaker to stronger, oil prices have given up earlier gains,” he said.
The dollar was hovering around two-year highs on Monday morning, after hitting that milestone on Friday.
Brent futures fell by around 2.1% last week, while WTI futures lost 2.6%, on concerns about global economic growth and oil demand after the U.S. central bank signalled caution over further easing of monetary policy. Research from Asia’s top refiner Sinopec (OTC:) pointing to China’s oil consumption peaking in 2027 also weighed on prices.
Macquarie analysts projected a growing supply surplus for next year, which will hold Brent prices to an average of $70.50 a barrel, down from this year’s average of $79.64, they said in a December report.
Concerns about European supply eased on reports the Druzhba pipeline, which sends Russian and Kazakh oil to Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany, has restarted after halting on Thursday due to technical problems at a Russian pumping station.
U.S. President-elect Donald Trump on Friday urged the European Union to increase U.S. oil and gas imports or face tariffs on the bloc’s exports.
Commodities
Oil steady as markets weigh Fed rate cut expectations, Chinese demand
By Arathy Somasekhar
HOUSTON (Reuters) -Oil prices settled little changed on Friday as markets weighed Chinese demand and interest rate-cut expectations after data showed cooling U.S. inflation.
futures closed up 6 cents, or 0.08%, at $72.94 a barrel. U.S. West Texas Intermediate crude futures rose 8 cents, or 0.12%, at $69.46 per barrel.
Both benchmarks ended the week down about 2.5%.
The U.S. dollar retreated from a two-year high, but was heading for a third consecutive week of gains, after data showed cooling U.S. inflation two days after the Federal Reserve cut interest rates but trimmed its outlook for rate cuts next year.
A weaker dollar makes oil cheaper for holders of other currencies, while rate cuts could boost oil demand.
Inflation slowed in November, pushing Wall Street’s main indexes higher in volatile trading.
“The fears over the Fed abandoning support for the market with its interest rate schemes have gone out the window,” said John Kilduff, partner at Again Capital in New York.
“There were concerns around the market about the demand outlook, especially as it relates to China, and then if we were going to lose the monetary support from the Fed, it was sort of a one-two punch,” Kilduff added.
Chinese state-owned refiner Sinopec (OTC:) said in its annual energy outlook on Thursday that China’s crude imports could peak as soon as 2025 and the country’s oil consumption would peak by 2027, as demand for diesel and gasoline weakens.
OPEC+ needed supply discipline to perk up prices and soothe jittery market nerves over continuous revisions of its demand outlook, said Emril Jamil, senior research specialist at LSEG.
OPEC+, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and allied producers, recently cut its growth forecast for 2024 global oil demand for a fifth straight month.
JPMorgan sees the oil market moving from balance in 2024 to a surplus of 1.2 million barrels per day in 2025, as the bank forecasts non-OPEC+ supply increasing by 1.8 million barrels per day in 2025 and OPEC output remaining at current levels.
U.S. President-elect Donald Trump said the European Union may face tariffs if the bloc does not cut its growing deficit with the U.S. by making large oil and gas trades with the world’s largest economy.
In a move that could pare supply, G7 countries are considering ways to tighten the price cap on Russian oil, such as with an outright ban or by lowering the price threshold, Bloomberg reported on Thursday.
Russia has circumvented the $60 per barrel cap imposed in 2022 following the invasion of Ukraine through the use of its “shadow fleet” of ships, which the EU and Britain have targeted with further sanctions in recent days.
Money managers raised their net long futures and options positions in the week to Dec. 17, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) said on Friday.
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