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The Rivalry Between EVM and L1s Will Shape the Future of DeFi (Opinion)

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By Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works

The 2018-19 bear market saw the development of the MetaMask wallet, Uniswap decentralized exchange, OpenSea NFT marketplace, and alternative Layer 1s such as Solana. Only with this kind of core infrastructure in place was the subsequent 2021 boom in DeFi and NFTs made possible.

A similar story is playing out today. Emerging from the rubble are two competing visions vying to become the core infrastructure of the next cycle:

The incumbent Ethereum and its ecosystem of Layer 2 (L2) scaling networks, such as Arbitrum and Polygon that run the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

A new cohort of Layer 1s (L1s) have purposefully avoided the EVM and aim for an enhanced wallet user experience, application development environment, and scalability, with networks such as Aptos, Radix, and Sui being the prime examples.

EVM Layer 2s: Scaling The Incumbent

The EVM is the dominant platform in Web3 today, accounting for ~95% of all DeFi assets under management (AUM), ~80% of active addresses, and ~40% of all Web3 developers.

This success has led to Ethereum’s congestion and high transaction fees. The almost universally accepted solution: L2 scaling networks.

L2s are separate networks, offering their own ledger, tokens, and decentralized applications (dApps.) Their defining feature is that they periodically post summaries of their transactions back to the L1, Ethereum, piggybacking on the L1 to guarantee that transactions won’t roll back.

These L2s offer the same application development environment as Ethereum, the EVM. This allows for any dApp built on Ethereum to be easily copied over to an L2. From DEXes to lending to NFTs, dApps copied over can benefit from a new network that has higher throughput and lower fees yet inherits some of the security of Ethereum itself.

But there are issues with this approach.

First, security and developer experience continues to be a major concern. From the original hack of The DAO in 2016 through the billions of dollars lost annually over 2021-2022, the EVM has proven time and again that dApps built with it cannot safeguard users’ funds.

Second, the UX is far from mainstream-ready. The EVM places a high technical burden on its users, including “blind signing” – equivalent to signing a blank check for every transaction; “seed phrases” – a password that must be kept secure, else you may lose all your assets; or the need to be wary of “malicious tokens” that could steal your assets.

The requirement to maintain backward compatibility means solutions tend to be additive, piling up more complexity and risk rather than making the deep-rooted changes needed to fix issues properly. A case in point, ERC-4337 Account Abstraction, which is Ethereum’s solution to seed phrases, proposes an entirely new “mempool” through which transactions must be routed.

Third, L2s only half-solve the problem of scalability as each new network is like a new island with its own dApps and liquidity, not “composable” with the Ethereum mainland or other L2s. For this reason, we shall continue to see projects prioritize being on Ethereum, or in the scenario that an L2 gains enough traction to provide a compelling alternative, it will ultimately itself become congested, taking us back to square one.

Non-EVM L1s: The Challengers

Rather than iterate on the EVM, a new batch of L1s are charting their own path, starting from scratch with their own custom stacks.

First, they differentiate by addressing the neverending hacks and exploits through an improved developer experience. To achieve this, some projects, for example, have turned smart contracts containing assets into physical objects that can be “moved” between owners, with features to improve the security of tokens and smart contracts.

At the same time, other protocols have taken the object model one step further, with all assets being natively governed by a “DeFi Engine.” Similar to how Game Engines reduced bugs and improved game developer productivity by natively governing behaviors such as physics and gravity, this same concept is now being applied to finance.

In fact, assets being native to the ledger isn’t just a benefit for developers. It is a prerequisite to an improved user experience. By natively understanding assets, these platforms can provide users with human-readable transactions that guarantee what the transaction is going to do.

This solves the blank check “blind signing” transactions that the EVM and its L2s are architecturally unable to fix, as they can’t offer guarantees on something they don’t natively understand.

On the subject of scalability (the very problem that L2s were built to solve), new approaches promise to offer “linear scalability” without compromising that all-important composability.

This includes “intra-validator sharding,” which allows for each computer that validates transactions to actually be composed of many different underlying computers, or “multi-shard consensus.”

This allows for parallelization of processing across multiple groupings of computers. In each of these cases, adding more computers to the network allows for more transactions to be processed, similar to how the internet itself scales.

The Fight Ahead

Despite the technical advantages offered by the latest L1s, decentralized networks are all about community and momentum. The EVM and its L2s hold a significant lead in public awareness, developer community, and general tooling and infrastructure.

Getting developers to learn a new language and for users to adopt a new chain amongst all the noise is not easy and depends on how well the value proposition of that new chain can be propagated.

But, taking a step back – DeFi and Web3 account for only 0.01% of global financial assets, 0.1% of internet users, and 0.1% of global developers. The journey ahead is long, and there is still ample opportunity for newer platforms with radically different approaches and significantly less technical debt to fight for the remaining 99.9%.

Author bio

Piers Ridyard is the CEO of RDX Works, a public protocol and ledger for DeFi. Piers started in crypto when he started mining on the genesis block of Ethereum in early 2015, investing in “The DAO” and going deep on everything from game theory to prediction markets. This eventually led him to build and exit Surematics, a YCombinator company that built decentralized dealroom software for insurance companies in 2017. Piers became CEO of RDX Works in 2017, joining the Founder, Dan Hughes, and building the team to over 75 people around the world. His background includes finance, law, electronics, and mathematics. He also has two degrees, one in Chinese and Business and a second in Law, as well as having achieved his level 1 Chartered Financial Analyst designation.

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Cryptocurrency

Weekly Bitcoin, Ethereum ETF Insights: The Highs, Lows, and Key Takeaways

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After struggling at the end of the year with numerous consecutive days of net outflows, the spot Bitcoin ETFs in the States finally registered some notable inflows on Friday.

The Ethereum counterparts sit in the opposite corner, as they have been mostly in the green since mid-December despite the FOMC aftermath on the entire market.

BTC ETFs Are Back

The latest FOMC meeting that took place in mid-December had a dramatic and immediate effect on US-based investors in terms of their Bitcoin-related activities. Following a superb streak after the presidential elections in which they poured billions of dollars within weeks into the regulated BTC financial vehicles, they did a 180-turn and started taking funds out.

December 19 was the worst day in terms of daily net outflows, with $671.9 million taken out. By January 2, seven out of the nine trading days were in the red, with a total withdrawn amount of roughly $2 billion.

This negative streak was finally broken on Friday as the spot Bitcoin ETFs saw $908.1 million in net inflows. Fidelity’s FBTC led the pack with $357 million, followed by BlackRock’s IBIT at $253.1 million and Ark Invest’s ARKB at $222.6 million. No fund recorded any outflows.

Friday’s numbers were so impressive that they managed to turn the whole week around. After the $415.1 million withdrawn on Monday and $242.3 million on Thursday, the week ended in the green with $256 million in net inflows, given the minor $5.3 million on Tuesday.

BTC’s price actions within the same week were quite volatile as the asset slumped hard on Monday amid the massive outflows to $91,300. However, it pumped to almost $99,000 later during the week as the inflows returned.

Ethereum ETFs’ Landscape

Unlike the BTC ETFs, the funds tracking Ethereum saw fewer days in the red after the aforementioned Fed meeting. Withdrawals were observed on December 19 and 20, but investors started to pour funds into them in the following days.

The past week was less positive, though, as net outflows dominated. $55.5 million was withdrawn on Monday and $77.5 million on Thursday. The $36 million in net inflows on Tuesday and $58.9 million on Friday couldn’t make up the difference, and the week ended with $36.1 million in the red.

ETH’s price tumbled hard on Monday as well but is 6.5% up on a weekly scale, which is more than double the increase for BTC. As of press time, Ethereum’s native token stands above $3,600.

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Arthur Hayes: China Interest Rate ‘Bazooka’ Will Goose Bitcoin Prices

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At its fourth quarter meeting on Dec. 27, the People’s Bank of China committee (POBC) proposed a more dovish (low interest rate) policy going forward.

At the same time, the US Fed has different plans.

China Announces Interest Rate Cut

Financial analysts expect the bank to make adjustments to the target funds rate so that credit demand aligns better with monetary policy, according to Reuters. As a result, crypto analysts expect a big wave of monetary support for Bitcoin prices in the Middle Kingdom’s yuan printing press.

China’s central bank issued a statement on Friday announcing a cut to the banks’ reserve requirement ratio and interest rates at “a proper time.” The central bank says the PBOC is likely to further slash China’s interest rates from the current target of 1.5% sometime soon in 2025.

The PBOC last cut rates to 1.5% from 1.7% in September, the same month as the Federal Reserve pivoted to a rate-cutting regime. Moreover, China’s 10-year and 30-year treasury yields both hit record lows on Friday over expectations of fresh monetary easing.

Arthur Hayes Predicts ‘Glorious’ Bitcoin Rally

The interest rate cut at China’s central bank will help to counter a deflationary yuan that threatens to spiral into debt-crippling loan revaluation. But, it will also push up the prices of the basket of financial goods, especially stocks and cryptocurrencies.

South Africa cut its main overnight money market rate by 0.25% to 7.75% in November.

BitMEX co-founder Arthur Hayes predicted the next rate cut in Beijing will combine with the Fed’s low rate regime and cause a “glorious” rally for Bitcoin and other crypto assets in 2025.

Hayes is an influential macro strategic analyst for the price levels of major cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Immediately after the US Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announced a rate cut in September, Bitcoin’s price rocketed above the $60,000 level. Since then, the little orange coin has reached record high levels of $100,000.

Seven months ago in May, Hayes wrote on his Medium blog that when China brings out the monetary “bazooka,” buying a Wall Street Bitcoin ETF will be a no-brainer for regulated investors in the US.

“If my theory becomes reality, it is trivial for any institutional investor to buy one of the US-listed Bitcoin ETFs,” Hayes wrote. “Bitcoin is the best-performing asset in the face of global fiat debasement, and they know it.”

In addition to a rising Coinbase premium index, ETF flows for Bitcoin are two strong indicators that mainstream investors are flocking back to Bitcoin in January.

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Is Bitcoin About to Explode Above $100K Soon? (BTC Price Analysis)

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Bitcoin has continued to receive substantial support around the $90K level, sparking a slight recovery.

However, the prevailing bullish momentum appears insufficient to trigger a fresh rally toward a new all-time high, suggesting the likelihood of consolidation within this area in the short term.

Technical Analysis

By Shayan

The Daily Chart

After a period of decline, Bitcoin has found strong support at the critical $90K region, highlighting the presence of buyers at this level. This support aligns with the middle threshold of its multi-year ascending channel, reinforcing its significance.

Despite a slight increase in buying pressure resulting in a minor bullish rebound, the current momentum remains subdued, suggesting a continuation of the consolidation near this support zone.

For Bitcoin to initiate a new rally and aim for a new all-time high, the market must witness heightened demand and stronger bullish momentum.

btc_price_chart_0501251
Source: TradingView

The 4-Hour Chart

On the 4-hour chart, the $90K support level emerges as a pivotal defence zone, as evidenced by its role in halting the downward pressure over recent months.

The price action has recently formed an inverted head and shoulders pattern near this level, accompanied by an accumulation phase, signalling a potential bullish resurgence.

However, increased market demand and buying activity are necessary for BTC to break out and target the significant $108K resistance. Until then, the cryptocurrency will likely consolidate within the $90K region, awaiting a more evident directional move.

btc_price_chart_0501252
Source: TradingView

On-chain Analysis

By Shayan

American investors, particularly U.S. institutions, play a significant role in driving market movements. Consequently, analyzing their behaviour can provide valuable insights for predicting short-term market trends.

The Bitcoin Coinbase Premium Index is a critical metric that compares buying and selling pressure on Coinbase, a U.S.-centric exchange, against Binance.

The chart reveals that the Coinbase Premium Index has recently seen a notable increase, breaking above its 14-day Simple Moving Average for the first time in recent months. The index has approached values of zero, which indicates a shift in market dynamics, with U.S.-based buyers showing renewed interest and exerting buying pressure.

If the Coinbase Premium Index sustains levels above its SMA14 and moves into positive territory, it would signal that U.S.-based investors are becoming dominant in Bitcoin’s market activity. This scenario could lead to a bullish rally driven by heightened demand from these key market participants.

btc_coinbase_premium_index_chart_0501251
Source: CryptoQuant
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Disclaimer: Information found on CryptoPotato is those of writers quoted. It does not represent the opinions of CryptoPotato on whether to buy, sell, or hold any investments. You are advised to conduct your own research before making any investment decisions. Use provided information at your own risk. See Disclaimer for more information.

Cryptocurrency charts by TradingView.

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