Cryptocurrency
BEVM Unveils Groundbreaking Taproot Consensus for Decentralized Bitcoin Layer 2 Solution
[PRESS RELEASE – Cardiff, 英国, May 26th, 2024]
On May 20, 2024, the Bitcoin Layer2 development team BEVM released the technical yellow paper titled “Taproot Consensus: A Decentralized BTC Layer2 Solution.” This paper details the implementation of Taproot Consensus, leveraging native Bitcoin technologies such as Schnorr signatures, MAST, and Bitcoin SPV nodes to build a fully decentralized BTC Layer2 solution. Taproot Consensus represents a significant leap in native Bitcoin scalability, combining existing Bitcoin technologies innovatively without modifying Bitcoin’s core code.
I. History of Bitcoin’s Technical Iterations
- October 31, 2008: Satoshi Nakamoto published “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” introducing Bitcoin and the concept of SPV (Simple Payment Verification).
- January 3, 2009: Nakamoto mined the Genesis Block, launching Bitcoin. The original code used ECDSA for digital signatures instead of the more suitable Schnorr signatures, which were under patent protection at the time. Schnorr signatures retain all the functionalities and security assumptions of ECDSA and can surpass the 15-signature limit of ECDSA, enabling the management of Bitcoin with thousands of addresses without affecting signing speed.
- 2018: Bitcoin core developers proposed integrating Schnorr signatures into the Bitcoin network.
- November 14, 2021: The Taproot upgrade integrated Schnorr signatures and introduced MAST (Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees), enabling smart contract-like capabilities and decentralized multi-signature management.
- The Taproot Consensus solution by BEVM builds on these advancements, combining Schnorr signatures and MAST to manage multi-signature addresses and enable complex business scenarios in Bitcoin Layer2.
II. Overview of the Taproot Consensus Solution:
The yellow paper begins by highlighting Bitcoin’s non-Turing complete nature and limited functionality for smart contracts. It argues for using Bitcoin’s existing capabilities to build a decentralized Layer2 solution rather than modifying Bitcoin Layer1.
BEVM’s Taproot Consensus combines Bitcoin’s Taproot technology (Schnorr signatures and MAST), Bitcoin SPV light nodes, and the BFT PoS consensus mechanism to create a decentralized and consistent Layer2 network.
III. Detailed Explanation of Taproot Consensus Architecture
The Taproot Consensus architecture comprises three main components: Schnorr+MAST, Bitcoin SPV, and Aura+Grandpa.
· Schnorr+MAST: Uses these technologies from the Taproot upgrade to achieve decentralized Bitcoin multi-signature management driven by Bitcoin code.
· Bitcoin SPV: Allows synchronization and verification of Bitcoin transactions without running a full node.
· Aura + Grandpa: Advanced PoS consensus protocols for Byzantine fault tolerance, ensuring high consistency among network nodes.
In the BEVM system, each validator holds a BTC private key for Schnorr signatures. The aggregated public key forms a MAST tree, enabling BTC transfers and inscriptions to the threshold signature address. Validators act as Bitcoin SPV light nodes, synchronizing the BTC network state securely and permissionlessly. Aura+Grandpa ensures the Layer2 network’s security and trustworthiness, with assets managed by BFT consensus.
The operating principle of Taproot Consensus is: “In the BEVM system, each validator holds a BTC private key for Schnorr signatures. The characteristic of Schnorr signatures enables efficient signature aggregation, thereby enhancing the system’s security and efficiency. The aggregated public key Pagg, generated through the Musig2 multi-signature scheme, forms a large MAST (Merkle Abstract Syntax Tree). After generating the root hash of the MAST tree, validators perform BTC transfers and inscriptions to the threshold signature address generated by the MAST tree, enabling the submission of data from the BTC mainnet to the BEVM network. Each validator also acts as a Bitcoin SPV (Simplified Payment Verification) light node, allowing them to securely and permissionlessly synchronize the BTC network state.”
IV. Other Technical Details in the Yellow Paper – True Decentralization
The yellow paper also details the implementation of Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV light nodes, and Aura+Grandpa, providing a comprehensive technical outline for those interested in Bitcoin technologies. It explains the Musig2 implementation and contrasts with other BTC Layer2 projects like Mezo, which uses the tBTC protocol. Unlike tBTC, which relies on a network of nine signatories, Taproot Consensus integrates multi-signature networks with BFT PoS consensus, achieving true decentralization.
Moreover, the yellow paper explains the implementation process of Musig2 and the differences between other BTC Layer2 projects like Mezo and Taproot Consensus. Mezo’s underlying technical structure is based on the tBTC protocol, which uses Bitcoin multi-signature to construct a threshold signature network, offering strong consistency compared to traditional distributed networks. However, tBTC still relies on a network of nine signatories, whereas a truly decentralized system should be consensus-driven, combining multi-signature networks with BFT PoS (Byzantine Fault Tolerance Proof of Stake) consensus mechanisms. This is the difference between distributed networks and blockchains; distributed networks emphasize distribution but lack Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, whereas blockchains, while also being distributed networks, are driven by Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, achieving true decentralization. The Taproot Consensus solution adopts this more advanced design. By integrating Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV light nodes, and Aura and Grandpa Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus mechanisms, it constructs a highly consistent and secure decentralized Layer2 scalability solution. This integration enhances the scalability and usability of the Bitcoin network and ensures the security and consistency of the BEVM network.
Conclusion
The BEVM team’s technical yellow paper comprehensively describes Taproot Consensus, a Bitcoin Layer2 solution built entirely on native Bitcoin technologies. It respects and innovates on Bitcoin’s original technological direction, making it a true evolution of native Bitcoin scalability technology. As the Bitcoin ecosystem evolves, solutions like Taproot Consensus will be crucial for its development, serving as major cornerstones for truly decentralized Bitcoin Layer2 solutions.
About BEVM
BEVM is the first fully decentralized, EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 solution. It allows Ethereum ecosystem DApps to operate on Bitcoin, using BTC as gas. BEVM enhances Bitcoin’s utility by providing a secure and scalable platform for decentralized applications. The system integrates advanced consensus mechanisms, cross-chain interaction, and robust data integrity to ensure a seamless experience. BEVM aims to innovate within the Bitcoin ecosystem by offering increased scalability, security, and compatibility with popular Ethereum tools and applications.
For more information, users can visit BEVm’s official website or follow BEVM on Twitter.
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Cryptocurrency
Bitget’s Token Merge and Burn Boost BGB by 22%, Reaching New ATH
Bitget, a Seychelles-based crypto exchange, has unified its native cryptocurrencies, Bitget Token (BGB) and Bitget Wallet Token (BWB), into a single utility token, BGB.
The move has led to an impressive 22% rise in Bitget Token’s price in the last 24 hours, pushing it to an all-time high (ATH) of $8.45.
In addition, the company revealed that they will burn a whopping $5 billion worth of BGB tokens in a newly unvelied whitepaper.
Token Merge Sparks Market Enthusiasm
At the time of writing, data from CoinGecko showed that the asset’s value had increased by more than 125% over the past seven days, outperforming the global crypto market, which lost 1.50% of its worth in that period. In addition, it has done better than similar centralized exchange (CEX) tokens, which are up about 12.70% on average.
The uptick is even more pronounced across extended periods, with BGB jumping more than 160% in the last fortnight and almost 430% over 30 days. Further, the token’s current price is a massive 1,346.2% improvement over its level from the same time last year, potentially making it the best-performing CEX cryptocurrency of 2024.
BGB’s current market capitalization of over $11.7 billion has propelled it into the #19 position among the largest-capped cryptocurrencies, leaping Stellar (XLM), Polkadot (DOT), and Hedera (HBAR).
In addition to the merger, the team revealed a considerable burn of more than $5 billion worth of tokens, which surely played a role in the price uptick. This represents over 40% of the total supply of BGB.
Utility and Real-World Integration
According to Bitget CEO Gary Chen, the merger will grow BGB’s utility, with plans to use it in decentralized applications (dApps) and major blockchain ecosystems. The integration will also reportedly extend to staking in decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols and to power essential services such as multi-chain gas fee payments.
Beyond the blockchain, the exchange intends to position BGB as a key enabler of real-world applications by allowing payments for dining, travel, and shopping, among others, through its Web3 PayFi service.
The company has assured BWB holders that their assets will be transitioned to BGB through an automated swap process that will convert each BWB token to BGB at a pre-determined ratio. Any remaining BWB has been earmarked for burning to bolster the unified asset’s scarcity and long-term value.
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Cryptocurrency
SimpleSwap Analysts Unveil 2025 Crypto Market Outlook
[PRESS RELEASE – George Town, Cayman Islands, December 27th, 2024]
As the cryptocurrency sector continues its evolution, SimpleSwap, a user-friendly cryptocurrency exchange platform, has shared its market insights for 2025. Analysts from SimpleSwap, Rick S. and Henry B., have provided an overview of anticipated trends that may shape the industry in the coming year.
Tokenization of Real-World Assets (RWA)
Blockchain technology is poised to play a pivotal role in tokenizing real-world assets (RWA), including stocks, bonds, real estate, and commodities such as oil and precious metals. According to Henry B., this advancement could broaden access to traditionally illiquid assets, integrating them into decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystems and enhancing their tradability.
Developments in Meme Coins
Meme coins are expected to maintain their prominence within the crypto market. Emerging blockchains like Base and Sui may serve as platforms for new meme coin projects. Analysts note the growing influence of artificial intelligence in streamlining the creation, promotion, and trading of these coins, which may further simplify the process for developers.
Bitcoin and Institutional Strategies
Analyst Rick S. anticipates that MicroStrategy will continue to increase its Bitcoin holdings, potentially reinforcing its position as a significant institutional player. This activity may align MicroStrategy’s stock performance with broader market trends in cryptocurrency.
Ethereum’s Prospects
Ethereum (ETH) is projected to reach new all-time highs, driven by its ecosystem’s expanding adoption and innovative developments. Analysts highlight Ethereum’s role as a foundational blockchain supporting numerous decentralized applications (dApps) and protocols.
Regulatory Shifts in the U.S. and Europe
Changes in the regulatory landscape could impact the crypto industry significantly. SimpleSwap analysts suggest that shifts in U.S. policies and proposed European legislation may aim to enhance transparency and compliance in the sector.
Continued DeFi Expansion
DeFi is expected to experience further growth, with total value locked (TVL) increasing across key areas such as cross-chain exchanges, decentralized derivatives, and restaking. Custom Layer 1 networks designed specifically for DeFi applications could also emerge.
Solana’s Growth Trajectory
Solana may see significant growth in adoption, attributed to its high transaction speeds and cost-efficiency. The blockchain remains a popular choice for meme coins and DeFi projects, potentially positioning it as a competitor to Ethereum.
Market Capitalization Milestones
The cryptocurrency market’s total capitalization is expected to reach new all-time highs, driven by leading cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, alongside strong performance from altcoins.
Institutional Interest in ETFs
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for Bitcoin and Ethereum are anticipated to continue attracting both retail and institutional interest. Analysts also predict the introduction of ETFs for other prominent cryptocurrencies, which could diversify investment opportunities.
Broader Adoption in Emerging Markets
Cryptocurrencies are expected to gain traction in regions with economic instability, offering alternatives to depreciating national currencies. Enhanced crypto payment tools and tax services may support adoption, providing financial solutions in these areas.
Role of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is projected to have an increased impact on trading and DeFi operations, facilitating automated strategies and fund management through AI-driven insights.
For further insights, users can visit the SimpleSwap Analytics section or follow the platform on TradingView.
About SimpleSwap
SimpleSwap is a cryptocurrency exchange platform offering fast, secure swaps and supporting over 2,500 cryptocurrencies. With features such as fiat-to-crypto transactions and cross-chain exchanges, SimpleSwap aims to make cryptocurrency accessible to all users.
Disclaimer
This publication is for informational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice.
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Cryptocurrency
Bitcoin Kimchi Premium Surges as South Korea Grapples with Political Turmoil
The ongoing political turmoil in South Korea has had a ripple effect on the country’s financial market. The South Korean won has dropped to its lowest value against the United States dollar since March 2009.
This devaluation is reflected in the Bitcoin Kimchi Premium, a metric showing the gap between BTC’s price in South Korea and other countries. On-chain data from CryptoQuant reveals that local investors spend as much as 3% more to buy BTC than global crypto users.
South Korean Political Troubles
Jeff Park, the Head of Alpha Strategies at Bitwise, shared insights into the present political troubles in South Korea. He explained that the country’s lawmakers recently filed a motion to impeach the Prime Minister and interim president, Han Duck-soo. This comes just two weeks after the parliament impeached President Yoon Suk-yeol, who has ruled the Asian nation since May 2022.
The president’s ousting came after he tried to implement martial law in the country to protect it from “anti-state” forces. Enforcing martial law involves conferring authority from civilians to the military. This rule suspends the civil right to freedom of the press and assembly and downsizes the power of government agencies and the courts.
Highlighting how the ongoing political turmoil concerns global democracies, the Bitwise executive wrote:
“The use of impeachment as a political tool, combined with allegations of foreign election interference, underscores the fragility of democracy in the face of disinformation. This is not just a Korean story; it’s a warning for democracies worldwide.”
Impact on Bitcoin Kimchi Premium
News about South Korea’s acting president’s impeachment triggered the won’s drastic devaluation.
Crypto asset prices are usually higher on South Korean exchanges than on foreign trading platforms, primarily because of the country’s regulators’ stringent capital control policies. At the time of writing, BTC was 144,450,000 won ($98,000) on the South Korean exchange Upbit, compared with $95,100 on the American exchange Coinbase.
Past reports show that an increase in the Bitcoin Kimchi Premium often indicates a bullish streak on South Korean crypto exchanges.
Despite the increased price gap, local investors have rapidly flocked to dollar-denominated assets like BTC as a haven from the struggling won.
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