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BEVM Unveils Groundbreaking Taproot Consensus for Decentralized Bitcoin Layer 2 Solution

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[PRESS RELEASE – Cardiff, 英国, May 26th, 2024]

On May 20, 2024, the Bitcoin Layer2 development team BEVM released the technical yellow paper titled “Taproot Consensus: A Decentralized BTC Layer2 Solution.” This paper details the implementation of Taproot Consensus, leveraging native Bitcoin technologies such as Schnorr signatures, MAST, and Bitcoin SPV nodes to build a fully decentralized BTC Layer2 solution. Taproot Consensus represents a significant leap in native Bitcoin scalability, combining existing Bitcoin technologies innovatively without modifying Bitcoin’s core code.

I. History of Bitcoin’s Technical Iterations

  • October 31, 2008: Satoshi Nakamoto published “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” introducing Bitcoin and the concept of SPV (Simple Payment Verification).
  • January 3, 2009: Nakamoto mined the Genesis Block, launching Bitcoin. The original code used ECDSA for digital signatures instead of the more suitable Schnorr signatures, which were under patent protection at the time. Schnorr signatures retain all the functionalities and security assumptions of ECDSA and can surpass the 15-signature limit of ECDSA, enabling the management of Bitcoin with thousands of addresses without affecting signing speed.
  • 2018: Bitcoin core developers proposed integrating Schnorr signatures into the Bitcoin network.
  • November 14, 2021: The Taproot upgrade integrated Schnorr signatures and introduced MAST (Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees), enabling smart contract-like capabilities and decentralized multi-signature management.
  • The Taproot Consensus solution by BEVM builds on these advancements, combining Schnorr signatures and MAST to manage multi-signature addresses and enable complex business scenarios in Bitcoin Layer2.

II. Overview of the Taproot Consensus Solution:

The yellow paper begins by highlighting Bitcoin’s non-Turing complete nature and limited functionality for smart contracts. It argues for using Bitcoin’s existing capabilities to build a decentralized Layer2 solution rather than modifying Bitcoin Layer1.

BEVM’s Taproot Consensus combines Bitcoin’s Taproot technology (Schnorr signatures and MAST), Bitcoin SPV light nodes, and the BFT PoS consensus mechanism to create a decentralized and consistent Layer2 network.

III. Detailed Explanation of Taproot Consensus Architecture

The Taproot Consensus architecture comprises three main components: Schnorr+MAST, Bitcoin SPV, and Aura+Grandpa.

· Schnorr+MAST: Uses these technologies from the Taproot upgrade to achieve decentralized Bitcoin multi-signature management driven by Bitcoin code.

· Bitcoin SPV: Allows synchronization and verification of Bitcoin transactions without running a full node.

· Aura + Grandpa: Advanced PoS consensus protocols for Byzantine fault tolerance, ensuring high consistency among network nodes.

In the BEVM system, each validator holds a BTC private key for Schnorr signatures. The aggregated public key forms a MAST tree, enabling BTC transfers and inscriptions to the threshold signature address. Validators act as Bitcoin SPV light nodes, synchronizing the BTC network state securely and permissionlessly. Aura+Grandpa ensures the Layer2 network’s security and trustworthiness, with assets managed by BFT consensus.

The operating principle of Taproot Consensus is: “In the BEVM system, each validator holds a BTC private key for Schnorr signatures. The characteristic of Schnorr signatures enables efficient signature aggregation, thereby enhancing the system’s security and efficiency. The aggregated public key Pagg, generated through the Musig2 multi-signature scheme, forms a large MAST (Merkle Abstract Syntax Tree). After generating the root hash of the MAST tree, validators perform BTC transfers and inscriptions to the threshold signature address generated by the MAST tree, enabling the submission of data from the BTC mainnet to the BEVM network. Each validator also acts as a Bitcoin SPV (Simplified Payment Verification) light node, allowing them to securely and permissionlessly synchronize the BTC network state.”

IV. Other Technical Details in the Yellow Paper – True Decentralization

The yellow paper also details the implementation of Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV light nodes, and Aura+Grandpa, providing a comprehensive technical outline for those interested in Bitcoin technologies. It explains the Musig2 implementation and contrasts with other BTC Layer2 projects like Mezo, which uses the tBTC protocol. Unlike tBTC, which relies on a network of nine signatories, Taproot Consensus integrates multi-signature networks with BFT PoS consensus, achieving true decentralization.

Moreover, the yellow paper explains the implementation process of Musig2 and the differences between other BTC Layer2 projects like Mezo and Taproot Consensus. Mezo’s underlying technical structure is based on the tBTC protocol, which uses Bitcoin multi-signature to construct a threshold signature network, offering strong consistency compared to traditional distributed networks. However, tBTC still relies on a network of nine signatories, whereas a truly decentralized system should be consensus-driven, combining multi-signature networks with BFT PoS (Byzantine Fault Tolerance Proof of Stake) consensus mechanisms. This is the difference between distributed networks and blockchains; distributed networks emphasize distribution but lack Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, whereas blockchains, while also being distributed networks, are driven by Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, achieving true decentralization. The Taproot Consensus solution adopts this more advanced design. By integrating Schnorr signatures, MAST, Bitcoin SPV light nodes, and Aura and Grandpa Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus mechanisms, it constructs a highly consistent and secure decentralized Layer2 scalability solution. This integration enhances the scalability and usability of the Bitcoin network and ensures the security and consistency of the BEVM network.

Conclusion

The BEVM team’s technical yellow paper comprehensively describes Taproot Consensus, a Bitcoin Layer2 solution built entirely on native Bitcoin technologies. It respects and innovates on Bitcoin’s original technological direction, making it a true evolution of native Bitcoin scalability technology. As the Bitcoin ecosystem evolves, solutions like Taproot Consensus will be crucial for its development, serving as major cornerstones for truly decentralized Bitcoin Layer2 solutions.

About BEVM

BEVM is the first fully decentralized, EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 solution. It allows Ethereum ecosystem DApps to operate on Bitcoin, using BTC as gas. BEVM enhances Bitcoin’s utility by providing a secure and scalable platform for decentralized applications. The system integrates advanced consensus mechanisms, cross-chain interaction, and robust data integrity to ensure a seamless experience. BEVM aims to innovate within the Bitcoin ecosystem by offering increased scalability, security, and compatibility with popular Ethereum tools and applications.

For more information, users can visit BEVm’s official website or follow BEVM on Twitter.

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Top Ripple (XRP) Price Predictions as of Late

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TL;DR

  • XRP recovered to $2.18 after dropping below $2 last week, with analysts predicting a potential rally.
  • While some foresee the asset reaching $100 in the future, achieving this would require an unrealistic market cap exceeding $5 trillion.

XRP Rally Incoming?

The cryptocurrency market correction, which started last week, negatively affected numerous leading digital assets. Ripple’s XRP is one of those, with its price plunging from $2.70 on December 17 to under $2 a few days later. Recently, the bulls recovered some lost ground, pushing the asset’s valuation to the current $2.18.

XRP Price
XRP Price, Source: CoinGecko

Despite the fluctuations, multiple analysts on crypto X continue to predict new peaks for XRP in the short term. Mikybull Crypto, for instance, claimed that XRP’s chart “is looking spicy on its current retest,” expecting a rise to a new all-time high of $4. 

For their part, EGRAG CRYPTO presented two possible scenarios. The analyst assumed XRP could head toward lower targets if it tumbled below $2. On the other hand, breaking above $2.65 could mean that “fireworks will ignite.” 

The X user with moniker Coach, JV also chipped in. Several days ago, they claimed that XRP would be one of those cryptocurrencies that investors will regret not buying now:

“XRP will be one of these assets where people will say, “I could have bought XRP at $2, $5, or $7, and will FOMO in at $100.” The beauty in this. Everyone will win in the long run! It’s the short-term mindset that destroys portfolios!”

It is important to note that reaching a whopping target of $100 will require XRP’s market cap to skyrocket above $5 trillion. As of this writing, the entire capitalization of the crypto sector is less than $3.5 trillion, making the forecast quite unplausible (to say the least).

Previous Predictions

Other industry participants who weighed in recently include the X users Crypto Bitlord and CrediBULL Crypto. The former believes “the final pump for 2024 is loading,” speculating that the price might rally to as high as $12 next month.

CrediBULL Crypto told his 450,000 followers on X that “the XRP/BTC chart looks absolutely fantastic” and “the most bullish-looking chart in the entire space.” As such, the analyst said they will look to open a long position in the coming days.

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Vivek Ramaswamy’s Strive Asset Management Files for Bitcoin Bond ETF with SEC

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Strive Asset Management, led by billionaire entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy, has filed a request with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to launch an exchange-traded fund (ETF) focused on Bitcoin-linked convertible bonds.

The proposed Strive Bitcoin Bond ETF is designed to offer exposure to bonds issued by corporations that use the proceeds to purchase Bitcoin as part of their treasury strategies.

The Bitcoin Bond ETF

In a December 27 post on X, the firm stated, “Strive’s first of many planned Bitcoin solutions will democratize access to Bitcoin bonds, which are bonds issued by corporations to purchase Bitcoin.”

The announcement further noted that these bonds offer attractive risk-return characteristics associated with Bitcoin but are currently out of reach for most investors. The ETF aims to bridge this gap by providing everyday Americans and institutional investors with easier access to BTC-related financial instruments.

According to the filing submitted on December 26, the proposed ETF will invest in securities from companies like MicroStrategy, which has become a prominent player in corporate Bitcoin adoption.

Since 2020, under the leadership of Executive Chairman Michael Saylor, MicroStrategy has invested approximately $27 billion in the coin. These purchases were financed through equity offerings and convertible bonds, which typically carry low or no interest but can be converted into shares under specified conditions.

The Strive Bitcoin Bond ETF will be actively managed and will achieve its exposure to BTC-linked bonds either directly or through derivatives such as swaps and options. To maintain liquidity and collateral for these instruments, the fund will invest in high-quality, short-term assets like U.S. Treasuries and money market instruments.

While details regarding the management fee have not been disclosed, actively managed funds often come with higher fees compared to passive alternatives.

Strategic Context

Since its start in 2022, Strive Asset Management has focused on addressing long-term economic risks, including the global fiat debt crisis, inflation, and geopolitical tensions.

The company stated, “We strongly believe there is no better long-term investment to hedge against these risks than thoughtful exposure to Bitcoin.”

The asset manager views the flagship cryptocurrency as an important part of a diversified investment portfolio, encouraging both individual and institutional investors to allocate funds directly to Bitcoin, BTC bonds, and companies focused on the cryptocurrency.

Ramaswamy, who launched Strive with a focus on capitalism-driven strategies, has maintained a high-profile presence in both business and politics.

Although he briefly ran against Donald Trump in the 2023 Republican presidential primary, he later endorsed the President-elect. Upon winning, Trump appointed Ramaswamy to co-lead the Department of Government Efficiency (D.O.G.E.), an initiative aimed at reducing government waste, with X owner Elon Musk.

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Binance’s Bitcoin Taker Buy Volume Hits $8.3 Billion: What It Means for the Market

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Bitcoin (BTC) has been struggling below the $100,000 mark despite a modest 2% surge over the past day.

However, a popular trading metric used to gauge buyer interest in Binance suggests that the cryptocurrency could revisit this crucial price level before the end of the year.

Strengthening Buying Pressure on Binance

Over the past 60 days, Binance’s Bitcoin Taker Buy Volume has reached $8.3 billion and formed three higher lows, indicative of strengthening buying pressure. This metric, which measures the total volume of buy transactions executed by market participants at current order book prices, reflects increasing investor interest in Bitcoin.

According to CryptoQuant’s analysis, the rise in Taker Buy Volume on Binance has been steady despite occasional market corrections.

This growing buying pressure often correlates with potential price increases, as it indicates that buyers are actively consuming available liquidity at market prices. While the market may appear overheated, the persistence of this trend points to a possible upward price movement in the near term.

Meanwhile, Bitcoin reserves on Binance have reached their lowest levels since early 2024, following a decline that started in August. This mirrors January’s low, which preceded a 90% rally in BTC’s price. Coupled with a 40,000 BTC drop in OTC desk inventories since November, this trend could potentially indicate rising demand and investor confidence ahead of a much-anticipated bullish reversal.

Bitcoin’s Next Move

Bitcoin has remained below the $100,000 mark since December 19, following its initial breakthrough on December 5. With its current value hovering around $96,000, the crypto asset has dropped over 12% from its record high of $108,300 reached on December 17. However, several experts foresee a bullish breakout.

The pseudonymous “xoom,” for one, recently highlighted a bullish engulfing candle with rising volume, indicating a potential price target of $110K to $130K by January’s end, with $120K as a realistic target. Despite possible short-term volatility, the trend suggests BTC could climb to $135K or higher in the coming months.

Another pseudonymous crypto analyst, “Titan of Crypto,” said that Bitcoin’s current price action appears to be similar to the correction fractal from late 2023. Interestingly, 2024’s movements are roughly three weeks ahead in the timeline. While the analyst does not guarantee the same scenario will unfold, the similarities highlight potential bullish momentum, as the cryptocurrency may replicate its previous trajectory and break toward new highs if the pattern persists.

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