Connect with us
  • tg

Cryptocurrency

The Rivalry Between EVM and L1s Will Shape the Future of DeFi (Opinion)

letizo News

Published

on

By Piers Ridyard, CEO of RDX Works

The 2018-19 bear market saw the development of the MetaMask wallet, Uniswap decentralized exchange, OpenSea NFT marketplace, and alternative Layer 1s such as Solana. Only with this kind of core infrastructure in place was the subsequent 2021 boom in DeFi and NFTs made possible.

A similar story is playing out today. Emerging from the rubble are two competing visions vying to become the core infrastructure of the next cycle:

The incumbent Ethereum and its ecosystem of Layer 2 (L2) scaling networks, such as Arbitrum and Polygon that run the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

A new cohort of Layer 1s (L1s) have purposefully avoided the EVM and aim for an enhanced wallet user experience, application development environment, and scalability, with networks such as Aptos, Radix, and Sui being the prime examples.

EVM Layer 2s: Scaling The Incumbent

The EVM is the dominant platform in Web3 today, accounting for ~95% of all DeFi assets under management (AUM), ~80% of active addresses, and ~40% of all Web3 developers.

This success has led to Ethereum’s congestion and high transaction fees. The almost universally accepted solution: L2 scaling networks.

L2s are separate networks, offering their own ledger, tokens, and decentralized applications (dApps.) Their defining feature is that they periodically post summaries of their transactions back to the L1, Ethereum, piggybacking on the L1 to guarantee that transactions won’t roll back.

These L2s offer the same application development environment as Ethereum, the EVM. This allows for any dApp built on Ethereum to be easily copied over to an L2. From DEXes to lending to NFTs, dApps copied over can benefit from a new network that has higher throughput and lower fees yet inherits some of the security of Ethereum itself.

But there are issues with this approach.

First, security and developer experience continues to be a major concern. From the original hack of The DAO in 2016 through the billions of dollars lost annually over 2021-2022, the EVM has proven time and again that dApps built with it cannot safeguard users’ funds.

Second, the UX is far from mainstream-ready. The EVM places a high technical burden on its users, including “blind signing” – equivalent to signing a blank check for every transaction; “seed phrases” – a password that must be kept secure, else you may lose all your assets; or the need to be wary of “malicious tokens” that could steal your assets.

The requirement to maintain backward compatibility means solutions tend to be additive, piling up more complexity and risk rather than making the deep-rooted changes needed to fix issues properly. A case in point, ERC-4337 Account Abstraction, which is Ethereum’s solution to seed phrases, proposes an entirely new “mempool” through which transactions must be routed.

Third, L2s only half-solve the problem of scalability as each new network is like a new island with its own dApps and liquidity, not “composable” with the Ethereum mainland or other L2s. For this reason, we shall continue to see projects prioritize being on Ethereum, or in the scenario that an L2 gains enough traction to provide a compelling alternative, it will ultimately itself become congested, taking us back to square one.

Non-EVM L1s: The Challengers

Rather than iterate on the EVM, a new batch of L1s are charting their own path, starting from scratch with their own custom stacks.

First, they differentiate by addressing the neverending hacks and exploits through an improved developer experience. To achieve this, some projects, for example, have turned smart contracts containing assets into physical objects that can be “moved” between owners, with features to improve the security of tokens and smart contracts.

At the same time, other protocols have taken the object model one step further, with all assets being natively governed by a “DeFi Engine.” Similar to how Game Engines reduced bugs and improved game developer productivity by natively governing behaviors such as physics and gravity, this same concept is now being applied to finance.

In fact, assets being native to the ledger isn’t just a benefit for developers. It is a prerequisite to an improved user experience. By natively understanding assets, these platforms can provide users with human-readable transactions that guarantee what the transaction is going to do.

This solves the blank check “blind signing” transactions that the EVM and its L2s are architecturally unable to fix, as they can’t offer guarantees on something they don’t natively understand.

On the subject of scalability (the very problem that L2s were built to solve), new approaches promise to offer “linear scalability” without compromising that all-important composability.

This includes “intra-validator sharding,” which allows for each computer that validates transactions to actually be composed of many different underlying computers, or “multi-shard consensus.”

This allows for parallelization of processing across multiple groupings of computers. In each of these cases, adding more computers to the network allows for more transactions to be processed, similar to how the internet itself scales.

The Fight Ahead

Despite the technical advantages offered by the latest L1s, decentralized networks are all about community and momentum. The EVM and its L2s hold a significant lead in public awareness, developer community, and general tooling and infrastructure.

Getting developers to learn a new language and for users to adopt a new chain amongst all the noise is not easy and depends on how well the value proposition of that new chain can be propagated.

But, taking a step back – DeFi and Web3 account for only 0.01% of global financial assets, 0.1% of internet users, and 0.1% of global developers. The journey ahead is long, and there is still ample opportunity for newer platforms with radically different approaches and significantly less technical debt to fight for the remaining 99.9%.

Author bio

Piers Ridyard is the CEO of RDX Works, a public protocol and ledger for DeFi. Piers started in crypto when he started mining on the genesis block of Ethereum in early 2015, investing in “The DAO” and going deep on everything from game theory to prediction markets. This eventually led him to build and exit Surematics, a YCombinator company that built decentralized dealroom software for insurance companies in 2017. Piers became CEO of RDX Works in 2017, joining the Founder, Dan Hughes, and building the team to over 75 people around the world. His background includes finance, law, electronics, and mathematics. He also has two degrees, one in Chinese and Business and a second in Law, as well as having achieved his level 1 Chartered Financial Analyst designation.

SPECIAL OFFER (Sponsored)
Binance Free $100 (Exclusive): Use this link to register and receive $100 free and 10% off fees on Binance Futures first month (terms).

Cryptocurrency

XRP Hits $2.35, Then Dips as Senate Testimony Looms

letizo News

Published

on

TL;DR

  • Ripple CEO to testify as lawmakers debate XRP’s future under SEC or CFTC oversight.
  • The asset token forms a bullish inverse head-and-shoulders pattern with analysts predicting a 12% breakout.
  • Court denies Ripple-SEC settlement; Senate hearing and Crypto Week may shape XRP’s classification.

Garlinghouse Will Testify Before the Senate

Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse is set to testify before the Senate Banking Committee on July 9. The hearing, titled “From Wall Street to Web3: Building Tomorrow’s Digital Asset Markets,” will explore how digital assets are traded and regulated in the United States.

Garlinghouse confirmed his participation via X, stating he would speak on the need to pass legislation that defines crypto market structure. He will feature along with Summer Mersinger of Blockchain Association, Chainalysis co-founder Jonathan Levin, and Paradigm partner Dan Robinson. Lawmakers are expected to revisit key questions about oversight, including whether assets like XRP fall under the CFTC or SEC.

XRP Breakout Signals 12% Surge

XRP’s price jumped to $2.35 between July 7 and 8 after a sharp rise in trading volume. More than 182 million XRP traded hands during the rally. The price later settled around $2.26, reflecting a slight 0.3% dip in the past 24 hours.

Despite the retreat, crypto analyst Ali Martinez said on X,

“$XRP is breaking out!”

He noted that the token has formed an inverse head-and-shoulders pattern, often viewed as a bullish signal. Martinez said that this setup could lead to a 12% upside in the short term.

Meanwhile, traders are watching closely ahead of the Senate hearing. Some expect clearer legal definitions to emerge around XRP’s status. Support for the CLARITY bill, which aims to define regulatory boundaries for digital tokens, could shape how XRP is treated going forward.

Ripple-SEC Case Nears Final Chapter

Garlinghouse’s appearance follows Ripple’s recent decision to withdraw its cross-appeal in its legal case with the SEC. The decision came after Judge Analisa Torres ruled that XRP sales on secondary markets were not unregistered securities. A $125 million penalty tied to earlier sales remains in place.

Both Ripple and the SEC filed a motion to end the case and reduce penalties, but the court denied it. Judge Torres said only the court can revise a ruling. The SEC has not yet confirmed if it will drop its own appeal.

Upcoming Crypto Week May Drive Policy Shift

In addition, the Senate hearing sets the tone for the House’s “Crypto Week,” which begins July 14. Lawmakers will discuss three bills: one on stablecoins, one on market structure, and one addressing central bank digital currencies.

The market structure bill, known as CLARITY, could define how crypto assets are regulated. Ripple may benefit if XRP is officially treated as a commodity. That would put it under CFTC rules and remove lingering questions about its classification.

SPECIAL OFFER (Sponsored)
Binance Free $600 (CryptoPotato Exclusive): Use this link to register a new account and receive $600 exclusive welcome offer on Binance (full details).

LIMITED OFFER for CryptoPotato readers at Bybit: Use this link to register and open a $500 FREE position on any coin!

Continue Reading

Cryptocurrency

Introducing the Zama Confidential Blockchain Protocol

letizo News

Published

on

Ask anyone familiar with blockchain what the biggest drawbacks to the technology are: while some specific answers might vary here and there, you’ll likely find that security and privacy concerns are always high on the list, often accompanied by questions about the technology’s speed and the regulation around it.

Then why even use blockchain, if you can’t entirely trust it? After all, you’ve been managing things like finance, governance, and more without blockchain for a long time before this technology came along. What has certainly changed is the growing need for users and consumers, as well as companies and organizations, to receive adequate guarantees that the services they require are provided securely.

Transparency VS Confidentiality?

Blockchain networks are fundamentally transparent, and the fact that everything onchain is public is widely considered positive, especially when it comes to verify transactions. The downside, of course, is that all the key information about the transactions are also available, including data that you’d rather not disclose. This is where the ongoing dilemma plaguing a more widespread implementation of blockchain technology comes in: keeping transactions private prevents verifiability, but without the ability to verify the transactions the lack of transparency exposes users to uncomfortable scenarios.

The line between transparency and confidentiality becomes even more blurred when building decentralized applications (dapps). Today, all transaction details — including balances, transfer amounts, and contract states — are publicly visible onchain; this makes blockchain unusable for many institutional and consumer applications requiring privacy, which is the standard in the world of finance.

The lack of confidentiality is a big obstacle to the mass adoption of dapps, which is crucially the next frontier for blockchain. The past few years have seen a big focus on building stable  infrastructures: now it’s time to build upon those infrastructures and create applications that can realise the full potential of blockchain. The key to unlocking this potential is a solution that combines the best of both worlds, shifting the conversation from “transparency VS confidentiality” to “transparency + confidentiality”, as the web did when moving from HTTP to HTTPS.

Solving the dilemma: the Zama Confidential Blockchain Protocol

Transparency, while foundational to consensus, comes at the cost of privacy. It is with the intention to overcome this problem that Zama’s team has been working tirelessly for the past couple of years. An open-source cryptography company building state-of-the-art FHE solutions for blockchain, Zama has long identified Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) – a technology that enables processing data without decrypting it – as the groundbreaking technique that can change the way users, businesses and organizations think about privacy.

From the start, blockchain seemed the perfect environment to dive into and develop the full potential of FHE, a long and complex exploration culminating with the launch of the Zama Confidential Blockchain Protocol.

The Zama Protocol resolves the longstanding tension between transparency and confidentiality onchain. Combining FHE coprocessors, threshold Multi-Party Computation (MPC), and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), the protocol enables private computation in public environments.

This is the most complete confidentiality protocol to date, allowing developers to code fully confidential smart contracts using familiar tools like Solidity without modifying the underlying blockchain by offering a few key elements:

  • End-to-end encryption of transaction inputs and state
  • Composability between confidential contracts, as well as with non-confidential ones
  • Programmable privacy, with smart contracts defining who can decrypt what, making it easy to build dapps that comply with regulations globally

As outlined in the Zama Protocol Litepaper, the protocol introduces a novel cross-chain confidentiality layer that can operate on top of existing blockchains. With these characteristics, the Zama Protocol enables confidential smart contracts to run seamlessly across any Layer 1 or Layer 2 network, extending privacy guarantees without altering the underlying infrastructure.

Beyond FHE

The Zama Protocol heavily leverages the ability to securely compute directly on encrypted data. For this reason, FHE has long been considered the “holy grail” of cryptography, despite slow speed and limitations to ease of use: this is why Zama’s team has worked to deliver a technology that can support any type of application, using common programming languages such as Solidity and Python, while being over 100x faster than a few years ago.

With the goal to create a game-changing comprehensive protocol meeting all the requirements to deliver a fully confidential blockchain, the team worked outside the familiar confines of FHE. As the main component powering the protocol, Zama’s library FHEVM makes it possible to run confidential smart contracts on encrypted data: combining this with MPC to ensure secure collaboration and ZK for verifiability, Zama looks to overcome the main shortcomings of each individual solution.

Unlocking new possibilities

One of the main motivations behind Zama’s dedication to this project is the growing demand for privacy-preserving primitives in blockchain. Whilst there is an increasing interest for solutions from confidential token transfers to stablecoins, from private DeFi to privacy-preserving identity and compliance, none of these can currently be safely deployed on public chains without confidentiality guarantees.

  • Finance & Banking: Secure transaction processing, risk modeling, and confidential onchain payments, making blockchain technology suitable for financial institutions.
  • Confidential DeFi: Private smart contracts and dapps apps that fully protect user data.
  • FHE State OS & Network States: Strong confidentiality for onchain communities and network states, supporting democratic governance while protecting sensitive information.
  • End-to-End Encrypted Transactions & State: All data in transactions is encrypted and never exposed, ensuring complete confidentiality.
  • Onchain Composability & Data Availability: Smart contract states are continuously updated while remaining fully encrypted, preserving both composability and privacy.

Thanks to this approach, adopters of the Zama Protocol can enjoy all the advantages of the different techniques without limitations: verifiability, decentralization, scalability, composability, security and, crucially, ease of use for developers.

To usher in what aims to be a revolution for onchain privacy with its protocol, Zama has launched a public testnet (read more about it on the official Zama Protocol documentation), providing developers with a ready-to-build foundation for privacy-preserving decentralized applications. This will allow anyone to deploy and test their confidential dapps, as well as enabling operators to coordinate and get used to the operations.

Disclaimer: The above article is sponsored content; it’s written by a third party. CryptoPotato doesn’t endorse or assume responsibility for the content, advertising, products, quality, accuracy, or other materials on this page. Nothing in it should be construed as financial advice. Readers are strongly advised to verify the information independently and carefully before engaging with any company or project mentioned and do their own research. Investing in cryptocurrencies carries a risk of capital loss, and readers are also advised to consult a professional before making any decisions that may or may not be based on the above-sponsored content.

Readers are also advised to read CryptoPotato’s full disclaimer.

SPECIAL OFFER (Sponsored)
Binance Free $600 (CryptoPotato Exclusive): Use this link to register a new account and receive $600 exclusive welcome offer on Binance (full details).

LIMITED OFFER for CryptoPotato readers at Bybit: Use this link to register and open a $500 FREE position on any coin!

Continue Reading

Cryptocurrency

Bitcoin Price Analysis: BTC at Risk of Pullback as New ATH Hopes Diminish

letizo News

Published

on

Bitcoin has slightly lost its bullish steam upon nearing the $111K all-time high, with strong selling pressure emerging at this key level.

The price continues to struggle in reclaiming this threshold, signaling a likely period of consolidation or corrective movement in the days ahead.

Technical Analysis

By ShayanMarkets

The Daily Chart

Bitcoin’s bullish rally toward its all-time high of $111K has shown signs of exhaustion, with the price losing momentum near this key resistance. The inability to reclaim the previous high around $110K suggests the potential formation of a double-top pattern, a classic bearish reversal signal.

Currently, BTC is consolidating within a critical price range, bounded by the $111K ATH and a fair value gap between $103K and $104K. Given the visible weakness in bullish momentum, a short-term rejection and further consolidation within this zone are likely. That said, the FVG may act as a significant demand zone, potentially halting any deeper corrections and providing the base for another upward attempt toward the $111K mark.

The 4-Hour Chart

On the 4-hour timeframe, BTC failed to print a new higher high above $110K, encountering notable rejection at this resistance. This price action confirms the presence of heightened selling pressure and distribution behavior near the ATH zone, reinforcing $111K as a key barrier.

Bitcoin now trades between two prominent liquidity zones: one just below $105K and the other above $110K. These liquidity pools are attractive targets for institutional players and could drive price volatility in the short term. As such, a range-bound movement is expected between these levels until a decisive breakout occurs, likely triggered by a liquidity sweep in either direction.

Sentiment Analysis

By ShayanMarkets

Over the past 45 days, taker users on Binance Derivatives have persistently engaged in sell-side activity. Despite this, Bitcoin has remained range-bound between $100K and $110K, while the Cumulative Volume Delta (CVD) has shown a consistent negative trend throughout the period.

The CVD, which measures the net flow of buy and sell volume in real time, highlights a clear dominance of aggressive selling pressure. However, the price’s ability to hold steady, without further decline, points to a potential absorption phase, likely directed by institutional investors or large-scale players quietly accumulating.

This ongoing divergence between persistent sell-side flow and stable price action suggests that Bitcoin may be forming a strong base. If the current structure holds, with continued absorption within the range, the likelihood of a bullish breakout increases, potentially setting the stage for a renewed uptrend.

SPECIAL OFFER (Sponsored)
Binance Free $600 (CryptoPotato Exclusive): Use this link to register a new account and receive $600 exclusive welcome offer on Binance (full details).

LIMITED OFFER for CryptoPotato readers at Bybit: Use this link to register and open a $500 FREE position on any coin!

Disclaimer: Information found on CryptoPotato is those of writers quoted. It does not represent the opinions of CryptoPotato on whether to buy, sell, or hold any investments. You are advised to conduct your own research before making any investment decisions. Use provided information at your own risk. See Disclaimer for more information.

Cryptocurrency charts by TradingView.

Continue Reading

Trending

©2021-2024 Letizo All Rights Reserved