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Forex

Why is inflation so high in the UK?

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British inflation defied forecasts of a fall in May and stayed far above price growth in the United States and elsewhere in Europe, pressuring the Bank of England to keep on raising interest rates despite the growing hit to mortgage-holders.

Britain has struggled more than other countries with the surging cost of food, a shortage of workers to fill jobs and its heavy reliance on natural gas to generate power and domestic heating, all of which adds to inflation pressure.

Below is an explanation of Britain’s high inflation problem.

HOW DOES UK INFLATION COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRIES?

Britain’s consumer price index rose by 8.7% in annual terms in May, unchanged from April and defying forecasts among analysts polled by Reuters for a slowdown to 8.4%. Although down from 11.1% last October, it left the country with the highest inflation rate among the Group of Seven advanced economies.

By comparison, inflation stood at 4.0% in the United States and 6.3% in Germany.

WHAT ABOUT CORE INFLATION?

Britain’s measure of underlying inflation that excludes volatile items, such as energy and food, took investors by surprise by accelerating for a second month in a row in May, hitting 7.1%, up from 6.8% in April.

Higher core inflation is seen as a sign that price growth is more likely to remain persistently high.

Another gauge of underlying price pressure that is watched closely by the BoE – services price inflation – also rose. Both increases were the strongest in more than 30 years.

WHY IS FOOD INFLATION SO HIGH IN THE UK?

Britain has had western Europe’s highest rate of inflation for food, with prices up more than 18% over the past year, down only slightly from a recent peak of more than 19%, the highest since 1977.

Freak weather has affected crops around the world, pushing up prices for many countries. But Britain is the world’s third largest net importer of food and drink, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – behind only China and Japan – leaving it particularly exposed.

Industry data published on Tuesday showed British grocery inflation eased slightly for the third month in a row in June.

BoE Governor Andrew Bailey said last month that British food producers may have locked in higher costs than the BoE had anticipated, explaining some of its underestimate of inflation.

ENERGY PRICES

Britain is highly reliant on imported gas to generate electricity, exposing it to the full force of the surge in gas prices last year after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

The way Britain regulates energy prices for domestic and business users – it announces changes to maximum tariffs on a quarterly basis – means that international price rises are slower to push up inflation than in many other countries but falls are also slower to feed through into bills for users.

IS BREXIT PART OF THE PROBLEM?

Britain voted in 2016 to exit the European Union and it left the EU’s single market at the start of 2021. Although London and Brussels have an agreement allowing largely tariff-free trade in goods, there are barriers to exports and imports in the form of paperwork which have caused delays and higher costs.

The end of free movement of workers from EU countries has contributed to a shortage of staff faced by many employers that is more acute in Britain than in many other economies and which has pushed up wages and ultimately prices for consumers.

WHAT DO PEOPLE THINK WILL HAPPEN WITH INFLATION?

The British public’s expectations for rising prices have cooled somewhat in recent months, perhaps the only bright spot for the BoE as it monitors the risk of an inflation psychology becoming engrained in consumer behaviour.

But those expectations remain elevated, contributing to wage growth at levels that makes the BoE uncomfortable about future inflation pressures.

WHAT IS THE BANK OF ENGLAND LIKELY TO DO?

Investors and analysts responded immediately to Wednesday’s data by pricing in more interest rate increases than they had previously been expecting.

Rate futures showed investors saw a roughly 40% chance that the BoE will raise rates by half a percentage point to 5.0% on Thursday and a 60% chance of rates reaching 6% by December.

Forex

Dollar rises after claims data, bitcoin continues rally

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By Chuck Mikolajczak

NEW YORK (Reuters) -The dollar rose to a 13-month high in choppy trading on Thursday as investors assessed the latest labor market data and comments from Federal Reserve officials for the path of interest rates, while bitcoin continued its march toward the $100,000 level.

Weekly initial jobless claims dropped 6,000 to a seasonally adjusted 213,000, a seven-month low, and below the 220,000 estimate of economists polled by Reuters, indicating job growth rebounded after being disrupted by hurricanes and labor strikes last month.

However, the report also indicated labor market slack as it is taking longer for the unemployed to find new jobs, as unemployment rolls grew to their highest levels in three years, giving the Fed cushion to cut rates again in December.

continued its recent rally that has seen the cryptocurrency surge more than 40% since the U.S. election on expectations President-elect Donald Trump will loosen the regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies.

Bitcoin gained 4.23% to $98,458 after reaching a record high of $99,057. The Securities and Exchange Commission said Chair Gary Gensler, who challenged the crypto industry, will step down on Jan. 20.

Recent comments from Fed officials, including Chair Jerome Powell, have indicated the central bank may take a slower course in its rate cut path, while concerns that Trump’s policies could reignite inflation have helped push the dollar to a high of 107.15, its highest level since Oct. 4, 2023.

The , which measures the greenback against a basket of currencies, rose 0.39% to 107.03, with the euro down 0.64% at $1.0476 after falling to $1.0461, its lowest in 13 months.

“One could argue that the market is now pretty hawkishly priced, kind of the other side of the boat again, so it’s starting to look a little bit aggressive in some of the Fed pricing and probably in the Bank of England as well, but at the same time they are kind of talking very hawkishly lately,” said Brad Bechtel, global head of FX at Jefferies in New York.

“We’re just going to kind of chop around, there’s a lot embedded in the dollar price at current levels so I definitely wouldn’t be chasing it.”

European Central Bank chief economist Philip Lane said global economic output would suffer a “sizeable” loss if trade became more fragmented and an immediate boost to inflation would only fade over a few years.

Expectations for the path of rate cuts have been scaled back recently. Markets are pricing in a 55.9% chance of a 25-basis-point cut at the Fed’s December meeting, down from 72.2% a week ago, according to CME’s FedWatch Tool.

Federal Reserve Bank of New York President John Williams told Barron’s in an interview published on Thursday he sees inflation cooling and interest rates falling further while Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond President Tom Barkin said in an interview with the Financial Times the U.S. is more vulnerable to inflationary shocks than in the past.

In addition, Chicago Federal Reserve President Austan Goolsbee reiterated his support for further interest rate cuts and receptiveness to doing them more slowly.

Safe-haven currencies such as the Japanese yen and Swiss franc briefly strengthened on the latest potential signs of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia escalating before reversing course.

© Reuters. FILE PHOTO: U.S. Dollar banknote is seen in this illustration taken July 17, 2022. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration/File Photo

Against the Japanese yen, the dollar weakened 0.56% to 154.56 after dropping as much as 0.98%, and against the Swiss franc, the dollar gained 0.29% to 0.887 after falling as much as 0.21% on the session.

Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda said on Thursday the central bank would “seriously” take into account foreign exchange rate moves in compiling its economic and price forecasts.

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Sterling sags as ‘Trump bump’ lifts dollar

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By Amanda Cooper

LONDON (Reuters) – The pound eased modestly against the dollar, which held firm on Thursday, as investors remained laser-focused on who President-elect Donald Trump’s Treasury Secretary pick might be and what that might mean for his policies on growth, trade and taxes.

With the dollar in the ascendant, sterling wilted, last down 0.1% at $1.26405.

It’s risen 1.2% against the euro, which has come under intense pressure against the dollar in particular, as traders try to factor in the potential hit to euro zone growth from an aggressive stance on tariffs from the incoming Trump administration.

The pound got a brief lift the day before from data that showed UK consumer inflation staged an unwelcome pickup in October, confirming the belief in the market that the Bank of England will be one of the slowest among the big central banks to lower rates meaningfully over the coming year.

Even against that backdrop, sterling has fallen by close to 2% against the dollar this month and turned negative on the year.

Money markets currently show traders believe the BoE could lower rates by around 68 basis points by next December. For the Bank’s next meeting on Dec. 19, there’s no expectation of any move at all.

Commerzbank (ETR:) strategist Michael Pfister noted that there is barely a 50% chance priced in for a rate cut in February either.

“We still believe that the next rate cut will take place then. The argument in favour of this is that monetary policy is still likely to be seen as quite restrictive and policymakers will certainly want to avoid falling behind the curve,” he said.

He added that if inflation data shows a sustained pickup, the discussions around a February cut are “likely to intensify”.

Next (LON:) up on the macro calendar are preliminary surveys of business activity for November for the UK, the euro zone, the United States and elsewhere due on Friday.

© Reuters. FILE PHOTO: Pound and U.S. dollar banknotes are seen in this illustration taken January 6, 2020. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration/File Photo

The most recent Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for October came in at 52 for Britain, above the 50 mark that separates growth from contraction and ranking the UK second behind the United States, which logged a reading of 54 last month.

Friday’s PMI is expected to come in at 51.8, according to a Reuters poll of economists.

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Forex

Dollar keeps rising; euro falls to two-year low on weak data

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Investing.com – The US dollar climbed to a new high Friday, while the euro slumped as data continued to illustrate the weak state of the eurozone economy. 

At 05:00 ET (10:00 GMT), the Dollar Index, which tracks the greenback against a basket of six other currencies, traded 0.6% higher to 107.614, after earlier climbing to its highest level since early October, 2023. 

Dollar heads relentlessly higher 

The dollar has gained some 3% so far this month in the wake of Donald Trump’s presidential election victory on expectations that his policies could reignite inflation and limit the Fed’s ability to cut rates.

The release of solid employment data on Thursday also helped the tone, as unexpectedly slowed. 

“It was, however, some Fedspeak that likely encouraged dollar buying as New York Fed President John Williams – not usually a hawk – said the US is ‘not quite there yet’ on inflation and that the jobs market needs to cool further for easing,” said analysts at ING, in a note.

Markets now see a 57.8% chance of a 25-basis-point cut, down from 72.2% a week ago, according to CME’s FedWatch Tool.

The US currency’s safe haven status has also been a boon given the recent escalations in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

“Markets are clearly taking the escalation in the Russia-Ukraine war more seriously, which is favoring a broader rotation to haven assets like the dollar,” ING added.

Euro slips to two-year low

In Europe, traded 0.8% lower to 1.0389, falling to its lowest level in two years, with the single currency weighed by the region’s weak economic outlook as well as being buffeted by events in Ukraine this week.

Eurozone business activity took a surprisingly sharp turn for the worse this month as the bloc’s dominant services industry contracted and manufacturing sank deeper into recession, a survey showed on Friday.

The preliminary , compiled by S&P Global, sank to a 10-month low of 48.1 in November, below the 50 mark separating growth from contraction.

“The release has risen from being almost disregarded to a de-facto critical input for policy decision given the Governing Council’s greater focus on forward looking indicators of growth,” ING said.

Earlier in the session data showed that Germany’s , the largest in the eurozone, grew less than previously estimated in the third quarter, expanding by 0.1% in the third quarter of 2024, down from a preliminary reading of 0.2% growth.

fell 0.4% to 1.2536, falling to its weakest against the dollar since May, as British business output shrank for the first time in more than a year.

The preliminary S&P Global Flash , fell to 49.9 in November – below the significant 50.0 level for the first time in 13 months – from 51.8 in October.

Yen gains after Japanese CPI

fell 0.1% to 154.38, after Japanese inflation grew slightly more than expected in October, while the core measure rose above the central bank’s annual target band, keeping bets alive for another rate hike by the Bank of Japan.

climbed 0.2% to 7.2491, near a four-month high. 

The yuan has depreciated as much as 1.8% against the dollar so far in November, as inadequate signals on Chinese stimulus measures also weighed on local markets. 

 

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