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Explainer-Japan hiked interest rates. Why is the yen falling?

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Explainer-Japan hiked interest rates. Why is the yen falling?
© Reuters. Examples of Japanese yen banknotes are displayed at a factory of the National Printing Bureau producing Bank of Japan notes at a media event about a new series of banknotes scheduled to be introduced in 2024, in Tokyo, Japan, November 21, 2022. REUTERS/Ki

SINGAPORE (Reuters) – A week ago Japan raised interest rates for the first time since 2007 in a move that marked a historic shift in monetary policy.

Yet the currency fell. Now Japanese officials are talking of official intervention to prop it up. It traded at 151.86 per dollar on Friday, its weakest this year and within a whisker of levels that drew intervention in 2022. It also made long-term lows versus the euro and last week.

A weaker yen is a boon for Japanese exporters’ profits but can squeeze households by increasing import costs.

Here’s what’s behind the selling:

SELL THE FACT

News reports, including from Reuters, foreshadowed the Bank of Japan’s landmark exit from negative interest rates in the lead-up to the decision. So did economic conditions, with sharply rising wages suggesting sustainable inflation and less need for subzero rates or policies to cap government bond yields.

“The event was too well anticipated, so the market was just too well priced going into the event,” said Patrick Hu, a G10 currency trader at Citi in Singapore who focuses on the yen.

The yen fell more than 1% the day of the announcement.

CARRY ON

The yen is the lowest-yielding G10 currency, making it ideal for carry trades, in which an investor borrows in a currency with low interest rates and invests the proceeds in a higher-yielding currency.

With the BOJ decision and other central bank “event risks” out of the way last week, investors who had trimmed such trades have been rebuilding their positions. Investors are betting that Japanese rates are not going to be rising quickly from here, effectively extending the life of yen carry trades.

Short-term Japanese rates are held below 0.1% and only about 20 further basis points in hikes are priced this year.

The U.S. Fed funds rate is 5.25-5.5% and a 25 bp cut isn’t fully priced until July. The U.S.-Japan government bond yield gap at the 10-year tenor is almost 350 bps.

FLOW

The rates picture is also keeping big Japanese investors’ cash abroad, where it can earn better returns, depriving the yen of support from repatriation flows. Japanese investors keep about $3 trillion in foreign bonds and yen trades.

Japan Post Bank and Japan Post Insurance, among the largest financial firms, told Reuters their portfolios won’t be radically changing in response to the BOJ’s policy shift.

INTERVENTION RISK

At 151.27 per dollar the currency remains very close to the 151.94 mark that drew intervention in 2022. Markets seem leery of testing the 152 level, though authorities have stressed they aren’t targeting particular levels but rather speculative moves.

“Many seem to think a ‘line in the sand’ against further JPY weakness sits near the 152 area when intervention occurred in late 2022,” said HSBC analysts in a note to clients.

“The current situation is trickier, especially when the U.S. dollar is not in a bubble-like state as in the period of October/November 2022. So, the risk is that Japan’s (finance ministry) tries to intervene to support the yen but with very limited success. This could create heightened uncertainty for the yen and other currencies.”

Forex

Dollar pushes higher; Fed speakers in focus

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Investing.com – The U.S. dollar edged higher Wednesday, bouncing from recent weakness with a number of Fed officials set to speak.

At 04:20 ET (08:20 GMT), the Dollar Index, which tracks the greenback against a basket of six other currencies, traded 0.2% higher at 105.500, climbing away from last week’s roughly one-month low.

More Fed speak awaits

The dollar received a minor boost late Tuesday after Minneapolis Fed boss suggested that stubborn inflation and a robust economy could persuade the U.S. central bank to keep interest rates unchanged for the rest of this year.

The path of U.S. interest rates continues to dominate the market’s attention, and with no top tier U.S. economic data due this week the opinions of policymakers take on added importance.

Fed Chair basically ruled out more tightening last week, but there exists a great deal of uncertainty over when a move lower will occur.

Investors have no shortage of Fed officials to look forward to on Wednesday, with Vice Chair , Governor and Boston Fed President all due to speak.

Morgan Stanley now expects the Fed to start lowering interest rates from September, compared to its earlier forecast of July, while continuing to see three 25-basis-point rate cuts through the year.

“A reversal in key components points to disinflation ahead, but given the lack of progress in recent months it will take a bit longer for the FOMC to gain confidence to take the first step,” the bank said in a note dated May 7.

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German economy “still struggling”

In Europe, traded 0.2% lower to 1.0736, after data showed that declined 0.4% in March on a monthly basis.

“The renewed contraction in industrial production in March after two months of expansion is a reminder that the German economy is still struggling,” said analysts at Capital Economics.

The has signalled a rate cut in June, but there remains a great deal of uncertainty over what happens with monetary policy after this.

traded 0.3% lower to 1.2473, ahead of Thursday’s meeting of the .

The U.K. central bank is not expected to change interest rates this week, there’s speculation that it may guide markets towards a cut as soon as next month – shortly after the ECB is expected to cut on June 6.

Yen falls despite intervention talk

In Asia, rose 0.4% to 155.35, with the yen weakening, moving back towards 34-year highs of over 160 hit last week, even as government officials kept up their warnings of more potential intervention in currency markets. 

Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda said on Wednesday the central bank may take monetary policy action if yen declines affect prices significantly, while the country’s Finance Minister Shunichi Suzuki repeated a warning that authorities were ready to respond to excessively volatile moves in the currency market.

fell 0.4% to 0.6568, extending steep declines from the prior session after the struck a less hawkish tone than traders were expecting.

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While the RBA held rates steady and warned that inflation will remain sticky in the coming months, it stopped short of threatening to hike rates further – a scenario that had been priced into the Aussie in the lead-up to the meeting. 

 

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Forex

Asia FX weakens, dollar firms as markets rethink rate cuts

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Investing.com– Most Asian currencies weakened on Wednesday, while the dollar firmed as comments from Federal Reserve officials saw markets rethink expectations for U.S. interest rate cuts.

The Japanese yen remained an underperformer among its peers, weakening against the dollar even as government officials kept up their warnings of more potential intervention in currency markets. 

Underperformance in the Australian dollar also persisted after the Reserve Bank of Australia struck a less hawkish chord than expected on Tuesday. 

Japanese yen weakens, USDJPY rises despite intervention threats 

The Japanese yen’s pair- which is inversely representative of strength in the yen- rose 0.3% and past the 155 level, moving back towards 34-year highs of over 160 hit last week. 

The pair had tumbled from those levels after the Japanese government seemingly intervened in currency markets on two separate occasions, while some weakness in the dollar also aided the yen.

But with markets now questioning the outlook for interest rate cuts in the U.S., traders resumed their speculation against the yen, even as Japanese officials warned against sustained weakness in the currency. 

Australian dollar extends losses after less hawkish RBA 

The Australian dollar’s pair fell 0.4% on Wednesday, extending steep declines from the prior session after the RBA struck a less hawkish tone than traders were expecting.

While the RBA and warned that inflation will remain sticky in the coming months, it stopped short of threatening to hike rates further- a scenario that had been priced into the Aussie in the lead-up to the meeting. 

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While the RBA did also imply that rates will remain high for longer, markets priced out expectations of rate hikes from the Australian dollar, which had hit a near two-month high before Tuesday’s meeting. 

Still, losses in the Aussie are expected to be limited as interest rates remain near 12-year highs, potentially for the rest of 2024. 

Dollar strengthens as Fed officials cool rate cut bets 

The and rose 0.1% in Asian trade, extending overnight gains after a slew of Fed officials warned that U.S. rates were more likely to remain unchanged for the rest of the year.

While softer-than-expected data from last week spurred some bets on a September rate cut, a slew of Fed officials warned this week that sticky inflation was likely to give the bank more reason to keep rates static.

This rhetoric boosted the dollar and weighed on most risk-driven assets, with Asian currencies seeing sustained weakness.

The Chinese yuan’s pair rose 0.1%, with markets awaiting trade data for April, due on Thursday, for more cues on Asia’s biggest economy.

The South Korean won’s pair jumped 0.5%, while the Singapore dollar’s pair added 0.1%.

The Indian rupee’s pair remained in sight of record highs above 83.5, with the currency set to experience increased volatility amid the 2024 general elections.

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Forex

Bank of Japan issues stronger warning over yen’s impact on policy

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By Leika Kihara and Satoshi Sugiyama

TOKYO (Reuters) -The Bank of Japan may take monetary policy action if yen falls affect prices significantly, governor Kazuo Ueda said on Wednesday, offering the strongest hint to date the currency’s relentless declines could trigger another interest rate hike.

Ueda also said the BOJ could raise interest rates sooner than expected if inflation overshoots its forecasts, or risks to the price outlook increases.

Finance Minister Shunichi Suzuki voiced “strong concern” on Wednesday over the negative impact of a weak yen, such as boosting import costs, and repeated Tokyo’s readiness to intervene in the market to prop up the sagging currency.

The remarks, which followed a meeting between Ueda and Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on Tuesday, underscore the resolve of the government and central bank to cooperate in keeping damaging yen falls in check.

“We need to be mindful of the risk that the impact of currency volatility on inflation is becoming bigger than in the past,” as firms are already becoming more keen to raise prices and wages, Ueda told parliament on Wednesday.

“Exchange-rate moves could have a big impact on the economy and prices, so there’s a chance we may need to respond with monetary policy,” he said.

The remarks compared with those Ueda made after the BOJ’s policy meeting on April 26, when he said the yen’s recent falls did not have an immediate impact on trend inflation.

Ueda’s post-meeting comments have been cited by some traders as having accelerated the yen’s declines by heightening market expectations the BOJ will hold off on raising interest rates from current levels around zero for some time.

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After the yen hit a 34-year low of 160.245 per dollar on April 29, Japanese authorities are suspected to have spent more than 9 trillion yen ($58.4 billion) intervening in the market last week to prop up the currency.

The dollar stood at 155.40 yen on Wednesday, creeping up from a roughly one-month high of 151.86 on May 3.

ON TRACK FOR RATE HIKES

Speaking at a seminar later on Wednesday, Ueda said “sharp, one-sided” yen falls were undesirable as they hurt the economy.

He also said trend inflation was moving “firmly” towards the BOJ’s 2% target as a virtuous wage-inflation cycle becomes more solid, highlighting the central bank’s conviction that conditions for additional rate hikes were falling into place.

The BOJ will “adjust the degree of monetary accommodation” – code for rate hikes, according to BOJ watchers – if trend inflation accelerates toward its 2% target as it projects, Ueda said, signaling the chance of raising rates in the near-term and in several stages in coming years.

“If inflation overshoots our forecasts or if upside risks become high, it will be appropriate for us to adjust interest rates earlier,” he said.

“On the other hand, if inflation undershoots or downside risks heighten, we must maintain current accommodative financial conditions for a longer period.”

The BOJ ended negative interest rates and other remnants of its radical stimulus in March. Many market players expect the BOJ to raise rates from current levels around zero sometime later this year.

On the BOJ’s bond buying, Ueda said the central bank will maintain the size of purchases for the time being to scrutinise how markets absorb its March policy shift.

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All the same, he said it was appropriate to reduce the size of bond purchases in the future.

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